Note to first time users: This calculator requires the volume of the investigated nodule at the initial and follow-up examinations. This should be obtained whenever possible via volumetry. Alternatively you can obtain an approximate nodule volume with a spherical formula here, however be aware that this only gives a rough estimate of the VDT. As a further alternative (e.g. for subsolid nodules) you can use this diameter-based formula, however note that this method is also less reliable. The calculator can also be used to check whether based on the initial nodule volume follow-up and VDT calculation are a reasonable approach to management. Please read the detailed ‘Notes’ section below too.
Notes
Formula
- This calculator uses the modified Schwartz formula:
- VDT = [ ln2 × ∆T ] / [ ln( X2 / X1 ) ]
- X2 and X1 = the final and initial nodule volumes
- ∆T = time (in days) between the two scans
- ln = natural logarithm
- VDT = [ ln2 × ∆T ] / [ ln( X2 / X1 ) ]
How to interpret the VDT
- The NELSON, UK Lung Cancer Screening Trial, and the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial studies used VDTs <400 days as the trigger for further investigation in indeterminate lung nodules.
- It must be stressed that these studies only considered a VDT <400 days clinically important if it was accompanied by >25% nodule volume growth.
- Important caveats apply to large lesions where tumor volume exceeding the vascular supply can result in a misleadingly long VDT. Also it must be stressed that some smaller malignant lesions can demonstrate long periods of slow growth followed by rapid increase over a short period of time. In all cases VDT is only one of the several features one has to consider while assessing lung nodules.
- The NELSON trial has demonstrated the following:
- Patients with <100 mm3 (or <5 mm diameter) nodules have a low lung cancer risk (0.4-0.6%).
- Cancer risk is intermediate for 100-300 mm3 (5-10 mm diameter) nodules (1.3-2.4%). For these lesions follow-up imaging with VDT calculation can be particularly useful.
- >300 mm3 (and/or >10 mm diameter) nodules have a high risk of malignancy. Immediate further diagnostic workup (e.g. PET-CT) is warranted rather than follow-up and VDT calculation!
- VDT-based lung cancer risk was as follows:
Acquisition parameters are important too
- Especially for small nodules using similar acquisition parameters for the initial and follow-up CT examinations is crucial.
- Comparisons between e.g. a noncontrast and contrast enhanced CT are less reliable and should be treated with caution.
- Factors such as slice thickness, pitch, and reconstruction kernel technique (filtered backprojection vs. iterative) can also potentially influence volumetric measurements.
Last updated: 2021-08-25